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Sabtu, 24 Juli 2010
21.36
north korea
North Korea has conducted two nuclear weapon tests. On 9 October 2006, North Korea tested its first nuclear device at 10:35AM (local time) at Mount Mant'ap near P'unggye-ri, Kilchu-kun, North Hamgyong Province. The yield from this test appeared to be less than 1 kiloton; North Korea was reportedly expecting at least a 4 kiloton yield, possibly indicating that the North Korean nuclear program still had a number of technical hurdles to overcome before it had a usable warhead. In reaction to the test, the UN Security Council passed Resolution 1718 placing sanctions on North Korea.
On 25 May 2009, North Korea conducted its second nuclear test. North Korea's Korean Central News Agency (KCNA) announced that Pyongyang had carried out the nuclear test, and that it "was safely conducted on a new higher level in terms of its explosive power and technology of its control." Initial estimates from the U.S. government showed the test causing seismic activity equivalent to a magnitude of 4.7 on the Richter Scale and located close to the site of the first nuclear test in 2006. Early estimates pointed to a possible yield for the test of between 4 and 8 kilotons; while this is stronger than the first test, some analysts still questions the viability of Pyongyang's nuclear warhead design.
Pyongyang's nuclear infrastructure started taking shape in the 1950s with North Korea conducting research on radioactive isotopes for use in industry, agriculture, and medicine at the newly established Academy of Sciences. In 1961, the DPRK began construction of the Yongbyon-kun nuclear energy research complex, which was completed in 1964. The Soviet Union provided a small research reactor at the site in 1965, and Pyongyang subsequently expanded the complex and built a number of new facilities, including a large plutonium reprocessing plant (Radiochemistry Laboratory). North Korea signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) in 1985 but did not submit to International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) inspections until May 1992.
A crisis unfolded in 1993 in which North Korea refused to give IAEA inspectors access suspect waste sites. The Agency asked the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) to authorize special ad hoc inspections. In response, North Korea announced its intention to withdraw from the NPT on 12 March 1993. Following intense bilateral negotiations with the United States, Pyongyang agreed to "suspend" its withdrawal. North Korea agreed to allow the "continuity of safeguards" on its present activities, but refused to allow inspections that could verify past nuclear activities.
On 21 October 1994, the United States and North Korea signed the Agreed Framework in which the DPRK agreed to freeze its nuclear program and allow IAEA inspections. In return, the United States, Japan, and South Korea would provide North Korea with a light-water power plant and heavy oil to replace energy lost by loss of its graphite reactor. However, discrepancies between North Korean declarations and IAEA inspection findings indicate that North Korea might have reprocessed enough plutonium for one or two nuclear weapons.
In December 2002, Pyongyang lifted the freeze nuclear program and expelled IAEA inspectors. On 10 January 2003, North Korea declared its withdrawal from the NPT and on 10 February 2005, North Korea announced that it had manufactured nuclear weapons. To diffuse the crisis, Beijing hosted the Six-Party Talks aimed at the denuclearization of the Korean peninsula. On 19 September 2005, the North Korean delegation to the Six-Party Talks signed a "Statement of Principles" whereby Pyongyang agreed to abandon all nuclear programs, return to the NPT and restore IAEA safeguards in exchange for a U.S.-provided light-water reactor. Despite this "Statement of Principles", the Six-Party Talks process was put on hold for over a year. A key issue holding back the talks was a disagreement over financial sanctions placed by the United States on businesses working with North Korea.
During this period of stalemate, Pyongyang tested its first nuclear device. After the 2006 nuclear test, Beijing worked behind the scenes to get North Korea to return to the Six-Party Talks. They were able to bring the parties back together in December 2006. On 13 February 2007, the six parties agreed to an "Action Plan" in which North Korea would shut down its nuclear facilities at Yongbyon in exchange for heavy-fuel oil aid. On 14 July 2007, the IAEA confirmed the shutdown of Yongbyon nuclear facilities. In October 2007, the six parties agreed to a second phase Action Plan which called for North Korea to disable its key nuclear facilities at Yongbyon and to submit a full declaration of its entire nuclear program by 31 December 2007—a timeline that was not met.
In June 2008, North Korea submitted its long-overdue nuclear declaration, and, in an effort to demonstrate its commitment to the denuclearization process, destroyed the cooling tower of its 5 Mw(e) experimental reactor at Yongbyon. The six parties then resumed negotiations to map out a verification plan. However, continued tensions about verification of North Korean disablement led to a breakdown in the talks. After the UN Security Council condemned the North Korean 2009 missile test, Pyongyang stated that it would no longer take part in the Six-Party Talks and that they were not beholden in any previous agreements related to the talks. This was followed within a few short weeks with their second nuclear test.
North Korea has conducted two nuclear weapon tests. On 9 October 2006, North Korea tested its first nuclear device at 10:35AM (local time) at Mount Mant'ap near P'unggye-ri, Kilchu-kun, North Hamgyong Province. The yield from this test appeared to be less than 1 kiloton; North Korea was reportedly expecting at least a 4 kiloton yield, possibly indicating that the North Korean nuclear program still had a number of technical hurdles to overcome before it had a usable warhead. In reaction to the test, the UN Security Council passed Resolution 1718 placing sanctions on North Korea.
On 25 May 2009, North Korea conducted its second nuclear test. North Korea's Korean Central News Agency (KCNA) announced that Pyongyang had carried out the nuclear test, and that it "was safely conducted on a new higher level in terms of its explosive power and technology of its control." Initial estimates from the U.S. government showed the test causing seismic activity equivalent to a magnitude of 4.7 on the Richter Scale and located close to the site of the first nuclear test in 2006. Early estimates pointed to a possible yield for the test of between 4 and 8 kilotons; while this is stronger than the first test, some analysts still questions the viability of Pyongyang's nuclear warhead design.
Pyongyang's nuclear infrastructure started taking shape in the 1950s with North Korea conducting research on radioactive isotopes for use in industry, agriculture, and medicine at the newly established Academy of Sciences. In 1961, the DPRK began construction of the Yongbyon-kun nuclear energy research complex, which was completed in 1964. The Soviet Union provided a small research reactor at the site in 1965, and Pyongyang subsequently expanded the complex and built a number of new facilities, including a large plutonium reprocessing plant (Radiochemistry Laboratory). North Korea signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) in 1985 but did not submit to International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) inspections until May 1992.
A crisis unfolded in 1993 in which North Korea refused to give IAEA inspectors access suspect waste sites. The Agency asked the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) to authorize special ad hoc inspections. In response, North Korea announced its intention to withdraw from the NPT on 12 March 1993. Following intense bilateral negotiations with the United States, Pyongyang agreed to "suspend" its withdrawal. North Korea agreed to allow the "continuity of safeguards" on its present activities, but refused to allow inspections that could verify past nuclear activities.
On 21 October 1994, the United States and North Korea signed the Agreed Framework in which the DPRK agreed to freeze its nuclear program and allow IAEA inspections. In return, the United States, Japan, and South Korea would provide North Korea with a light-water power plant and heavy oil to replace energy lost by loss of its graphite reactor. However, discrepancies between North Korean declarations and IAEA inspection findings indicate that North Korea might have reprocessed enough plutonium for one or two nuclear weapons.
In December 2002, Pyongyang lifted the freeze nuclear program and expelled IAEA inspectors. On 10 January 2003, North Korea declared its withdrawal from the NPT and on 10 February 2005, North Korea announced that it had manufactured nuclear weapons. To diffuse the crisis, Beijing hosted the Six-Party Talks aimed at the denuclearization of the Korean peninsula. On 19 September 2005, the North Korean delegation to the Six-Party Talks signed a "Statement of Principles" whereby Pyongyang agreed to abandon all nuclear programs, return to the NPT and restore IAEA safeguards in exchange for a U.S.-provided light-water reactor. Despite this "Statement of Principles", the Six-Party Talks process was put on hold for over a year. A key issue holding back the talks was a disagreement over financial sanctions placed by the United States on businesses working with North Korea.
During this period of stalemate, Pyongyang tested its first nuclear device. After the 2006 nuclear test, Beijing worked behind the scenes to get North Korea to return to the Six-Party Talks. They were able to bring the parties back together in December 2006. On 13 February 2007, the six parties agreed to an "Action Plan" in which North Korea would shut down its nuclear facilities at Yongbyon in exchange for heavy-fuel oil aid. On 14 July 2007, the IAEA confirmed the shutdown of Yongbyon nuclear facilities. In October 2007, the six parties agreed to a second phase Action Plan which called for North Korea to disable its key nuclear facilities at Yongbyon and to submit a full declaration of its entire nuclear program by 31 December 2007—a timeline that was not met.
In June 2008, North Korea submitted its long-overdue nuclear declaration, and, in an effort to demonstrate its commitment to the denuclearization process, destroyed the cooling tower of its 5 Mw(e) experimental reactor at Yongbyon. The six parties then resumed negotiations to map out a verification plan. However, continued tensions about verification of North Korean disablement led to a breakdown in the talks. After the UN Security Council condemned the North Korean 2009 missile test, Pyongyang stated that it would no longer take part in the Six-Party Talks and that they were not beholden in any previous agreements related to the talks. This was followed within a few short weeks with their second nuclear test.
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